Ethical Decisions in the Medical Health Profession Essay

Moral Decisions in the Medical Health Profession - Essay Example Any infringement of these decisions and conclusions describes untrustworthy direct and could prompt avocation of disciplinary activities like rebuff, ejection or suspension from the clinical field society participation. Throughout the years clinical practice has been advancing in manners that cause to notice the essentialness of moral choices and issues. Clinical science has engaged in rehearses that were beforehand impractical, for example, undeveloped cell and hereditary qualities research, the advanced patient is better educated, claims are very basic which implies clinical specialists must be commonly progressively mindful of their clinical choices and cost ramifications of their administrations to society. They have a tremendous errand of shuffling their commitments to medical clinics, the territorial wellbeing and the administration of the day. Morals comprehensively manages what is correct or wrong, or essentially what we should do and what we should not to do. Clinical morals choices along these lines concerns how to make decisions on the most proficient method to manage moral issues emerging out of thinking about guardians and such choices in this way need to make a thought of only more than the patient’s current ailment. Morals is simply not only a clinical field thing; there are likewise different controls that are worried about these issues, for example, religious philosophy and law which additionally endorse to specific practices put aside by their individual administering chambers. Clinical moral choices, qualities and laws are generally firmly related; anyway clinical moral duties surpass legitimate commitments. In certain examples, the law may permit dishonest direct. In a few examples when clinical specialists believe that a specific law isn't only for their settling on basic choices, they at that point should begin progressing in the direction of changing that law. In extraordinary cases with respect to low laws, the predominant moral duties

Donor card

â€Å"Sleep after work, port after blustery oceans,/Peace after war, passing after life,/does incredibly please. † This is an expression by Edmund Spenser, a sixteenth century artist. He declared passing to be a â€Å"pleasant† thing. In any case, it isn't the situation for a considerable lot of us. Demise isn't so natural. Truth be told, we fear its agony. Truth be told, we fear its dejection. Indeed, we fear its permanence. Furthermore, it is substantially more startling on the off chance that we feel every one of those desolations even â€Å"after† our passing. I am not heading out to expound on blood and gore films in any case, however a genuine story of mind demise. What's more, through the contentions, I need you to understand the essentialness of the choice: regardless of whether to possess a benefactor card. Contributor card†¦ I surmise a large portion of you definitely think about it. On account of that card, you can spare others with no uncommon abilities by giving your organs. That is brilliant. At the point when you watch a moving story of transplantation on a TV program, you may have an inclination that you, too, need to be in any way like that â€Å"warm-hearted† benefactor. Particularly, if there should be an occurrence of heart transplantation, the contributor must be a â€Å"brain-dead† individual, who can no longer keep up life yet at the same time has a thumping heart. In the event that you are needed and can't live in any case, you may think you have an unmistakable goals. Notwithstanding, recollect that you generally need to pay something on the off chance that you attempt to spare others. So let me advise you that the â€Å"warm-hearted† contributor is a â€Å"warm-blood-running† dead body. Into a delicate and warm body, a blade cuts in, and organs are taken out. On the off chance that that is all, it may not be an issue. Be that as it may, the body moves, cries tears, and even has a chance of feeling torment. That is the truth. It might be just a spinal reflex, yet may not be, as well. What's more, it might be just a chance, yet may not be, as well. The analysis by specialists might be done in a correct manner, yet any human-made models and human-performed assessments must not generally be great. There is a reality that the contributor is frequently anesthetized during the extraction, with the goal that the body won't upset specialists by moving around. When we are misconceived in the court of death, we can never be permitted to bid again. Also, regardless of whether the judgment is done in equity, the indictment itself is deadly in this court. When specialists begin to analyze in the event that you are cerebrum dead or not, they will attempt it over and over actually till your demise. Obviously, during that testing, you can't get suitable medications for your recuperation, which implies, you are secured in the demise court until your headstone gets upon you. In days of yore, demise was something supreme. We got it out of nowhere by celestial will and we could undoubtedly tell on the off chance that somebody was in any condition. Be that as it may, today people reject the will with their all around created advancements. Subsequently, presently they have an incredibly critical job of characterizing â€Å"death. On the off chance that somebody's mind is dead however heart is alive, would he say he is or she absolutely dead or not? When do we respect the cerebrum to be â€Å"dead? † More in a general sense, what is passing in reality? All things considered, we can never make certain of the appropriate responses. They are past our ability. Be that as it may, we have chosen to make the appropriate responses. Along these lines, today our demise is human-made. In spite of such a dark meaning of death, I have a conspicuous vision for death. I don't need my last second to be in a misery of organ extraction. I would prefer not to concede my family's demise when they are as yet moving. I would prefer not to leave my demise to anybody's prudence. I need no one to confront any surprising hopelessness. Also, I am certain that I am not alone. I realize that I am an individual who ought to similarly be spared as the beneficiaries. To make my passing like harmony after war, I do deny composing my will to be a giver. Yet at the same time, that is my assessment. Interestingly, you get keen on the issue. Today, you can without much of a stretch get a giver card. Be that as it may, the activity must not be simple. To be an underwriter of life, you should face the challenge it merits. Also, after pain and anxiety, torment and bewilderment, on the off chance that you despite everything arrive at a finish of sparing others, you ought to be pleased with your commitment. In the event that you arrive at a finish of sparing yourself, you ought to be pleased with your mindfulness. On the off chance that you don't arrive at a resolution, you ought to be glad for your genuineness to life. In the event that you have never considered this issue, you can begin thinking from this second. Would you truly like to help other people? Would you be able to be capable enough for your choice? How might you make your passing after life generally wonderful?

Consumerism

Consumerism I’m the pack of lies that keeps you ‘safe.’ I’m the thoughts you’re ashamed to share. Im the crushing feeling you feel inside. Im the memory you cant get out of your head. Im the lust, the empty desire. Im the fear, the greed. Im the Black Friday. Im the impulse, the hurry-up-and-buy, the just-one-more. I’m the high that fades past the checkout line. I’m the sound of money flowing down the drain. I am consumerism. Give me a chanceâ€"I promise you won’t be satisfied. Essay inspired by David Grays Nemesis.

Profitability In The Market Example For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2771 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? At the overall level and in sector wise analysis the data from the sample indicates that an increase in the debt ratio leads to lower profitability measured by net income before taxes divided by total assets. Profitability is found to be negatively correlated with firms debt ratio and this relationship is statistically significant in both sectors. It means that profitable firms in Pakistani banking and insurance sector maintain low debt ratios. To justify this negative relationship between profitability and debt ratio of the firm we would say that most of the Pakistani firms try to retain its earning for future requirements as they prefer to pick internal financing over external financing. Another reason for the negative relationship is that debt translates into higher fixed costs as it must still be paid even if demand declines, at low level of demand, the fixed cost are spread over a smaller base, depressing profitability White, Sondhi and Fried (1997). This poi nt could help explain why an increase in the debt ratio leads to a decline in profitability-it is possible that the corresponding change in sales volume did not compensate for the increase in fixed costs. Frydenberg (2001) describes retained earnings as the most important source of financing, good profitability thus reduces the need for external debt. And firms in the banking and insurance sector have shown good profitability during the period of the study. This result is against the Modigliani and Miller (1958) view on capital structure and the optimal capital structure theory that postulates that profitability should be increased by an increase in the firm level of debt. The underlying assumption for all this to hold true is that the firms operate in efficient market environment, and this might not necessarily be the case with the KSE listed companies. The findings are also inconsistent with the conclusion of Fama and French (2002), Sharma (2006), Ward and Price (2006) all of w hom conclude that there is a positive relationship between profitability and debt ratio. However, the result is consistent with the prediction of Pecking order theory by Myers and Majluf (1984) that Firms first use retained earnings for new investments and then move to debt and equity if required. The result supports the findings of Rajan and Zingales (1995) who find a negative relationship between profitability and debt ratio. Frank and Goyal (2004) conducted an empirical study in which he found evidence that firms with high profitability will have less debt. A possible explanation for this result can be drawn from De Wet (2006) who showed that significant amount of value can be unlocked in moving closer to the optimal level of gearing and Modigliani and Miller (1963) who says that a firm cost of equity increases as the firm increases its debt. Further our result is also consistent with Titman Wessels (1988). Whereas, the predictions of trade-off theory presented by Jensen Meckli ng (1984) are not substantiated. Hence, with highly significant negative relationship between profitability and debt ratio, we can conclude that high profitable firms maintain low debt ratio and they utilize more of their retained earnings compared to debt for making their capital structure. It is thus proved that pecking order theory dominates trade-off theory. Shah and Hijazi (2004), Jean-Laurent Viviani (2004), Shah and Khan (2007) Jasir ilyas (2008), Abubakar sayeed (2010), Joy pathak (2010) all find negative relationship between profitability and debt ratio. In contrast, Fakher Buferna, Kenbata Bangassa and Lynn Hodgkinson (2008) find that profitable firms will have high debt ratio, while Fitim Deari and Media Deari (2009) find negative relation in case of listed companies and positive incase of unlisted companies. Tangibility of assets Tangibility, with positive coefficient is significantly related to debt in overall findings. The result also shows significant positiv e relationship between tangibility and debt ratio in the insurance sector. This indicates that tangibility is one of the most important determinants of debt ratio in the insurance sector of Pakistan. The finding is in conformity with the prediction of Jenson and Meckling (1976) and Myers (1977) version of trade-off theory. The reason for the positive relationship between tangibility and debt ratio in the insurance sector of Pakistan is quite obvious. The advantage of debt investment is that creditors receive uninterruptible stream of income due to debt investment except in case of bankruptcy. Creditors have no tension about the interest payment by firm on their debt, if the firm is performing well. But it well be difficult for them to continuously monitor the operations and performance of the firm, therefore they can overcome this trouble by asking the security of fixed assets like land, building, machinery etc. Thus creditors will be willing to give loans to those firms who provide there fixed assets as a security against debt. Therefore firms with less fixed assets cannot borrow large amount of debt because of high cost of debt, but on the other hand firms with higher amount of fixed assets in total assets can borrow more due to lower interest rate. For example companies like EFUG insurance, East west insurance, Pakistan reinsurance and Asian insurance who have more fixed assets have high debt ratio, against a low debt ratio of Central insurance and IGI insurance etc who have less fixed assets. Jean-Laurent Viviani (2004) on French wine companies, Shah and Khan (2007) on 286 KSE listed non financial firms, Jasir ilyas (2008) on 364 non financial firms and Joy pathak (2010) in his investigation into 139 Indian firms also find significant positive relationship between tangibility and debt ratio. However this finding is in contrast to the earlier finding by Shah and Hijazi (2004) on 445 non financial firms, Fakher Buferna, Kenbata Bangassa and Lynn Hodgkinson ( 2008) on a sample of 55 Libyan companies, Fitim Deari and Media Deari (2009) on Macedonian listed and unlisted companies and Naveed, Zulfiqar and Ishfaq (2010) in life insurance sector of Pakistan. They found that tangibility was not significantly related to debt ratio. The coefficient of the variable tangibility of assets is negative and is statistically significant as for as banking sector is concerned. This result is against various previous research findings. According to trade-off theory and agency cost theory there is positive relationship between debt ratio and tangibility of assets. Firms borrowing capability depends upon assets that have collateralizable value Rajan and Zingales (1995), Frank and Goyal (2004). The negative relationship between tangibility and debt ratio in the banking sector support the Pecking order theory, which says that firms with less collateralizable value of assets tends to finance their investments projects with external financing and they will p refer debt over equity, most likely short term debt. The debt maturity structure of the banking system of Pakistan consists of large amount of short term debt against a very small amount of long term debt. Booth et al (2001) in his investigation in to 10 developing countries including Pakistan and Shah and Hijazi (2004) on KSE listed firms; find that firms have higher utilization of short term debt in total debt in Pakistan. They justify this by saying that as majority of firms are smaller in size therefore their access to capital market is difficult in terms of cost and technical difficulties. There are three potential sources according to World Banks policy research department report (1997) that affect on accessibility of long term financing: Macroeconomic factors limiting the long term financing, such as high inflation and unstable macro policies. Institutional factors specific to the financial sector,e.g; there most likely be less information about small firms available to financial institutions, not only due some of them will be new but also because it is costly to obtain such information and size is considerable characteristic of firms that affects on access to long term financing. The characteristics of the firms. In banking sector of Pakistan where short term financing is higher 95% than long term financing, our result (negative sign) is significant under short term financing and consistent with Pecking order theory. The negative relationship between tangibility and debt ratio for banking sector suggests that firms in the banking sector do not use their fixed assets as collateral for obtaining debt financing. The reason may be that as the government has the majority of ownership in the banking sector, the debt holders take government involvement as collateral instead of the firms fixed assets. According to Khan (1995), Khan and Khan (2007); in Pakistan the banking sector has been dominated by government owned institutions, it has accommo dated the financial needs of the government, public enterprises and private sectors. Another reason for negative relationship may be that Companies with few tangible assets are more subject to information asymmetry problems, and therefore, more willing to use debt to finance their activities. In our case this is true; because the asset maturity structure of the banking system of Pakistan consists of large amount of short term assets against a very small amount of fixed assets, and also firms are evaluated from lenders not just based on tangibility of assets, but also from others perspectives, i.e. goodwill etc. In a questionnaire forward to managers of Macedonian companies by Fitim Deari and Media Deari (2009), major of them believe that for approving loans, in their business plan profitability and growth are onward than tangibility. Abubakar sayeed (2007) in energy sector of Pakistan also find negative relation between tangibility of assets and financial leverage. Liquidity S imilarly, the results between liquidity of the firms and its debt ratio show significant negative relationship in banking as well as in the insurance sectors of Pakistan. Liquidity of the firms is measured using current ratio, which is expressed as current assets divided by current liabilities, showing the ability of the firm to deal with its short term liabilities. Companies with high liquidity tend to use less amount of debt, simply because it provides an indication that firms generally finance their activities by following pecking order theory. Firms in the banking and insurance sectors maintain high liquidity therefore they are able to generate high cash inflows and in turn, can employ the excess cash inflow to finance their operations and investment activities. Therefore, they use less debt compared to those firms in the two sectors that have low liquidity as suggested in pecking order theory. As for low liquidity firms, they tend to go for debt in financing their activities. The result is similar to the findings of Eriotis, Vasilou and Neokosmidi (2007) in a study of capital structure of 129 Greek companies listed in the Athens Stock Exchange, Suhaila, Mat Kila and Wan Mahmood, Wan Mansor (2008) in a study of 17 Malaysian companies listed in Bursa Malaysia Bhd, Kuala Lumpur, Naveed, Zulfiqar and Ishfaq (2010) on four companies from life insurance sector in the Karachi Stock Exchange and joy pathak (2010) on 139 Indian firms. Size The relationship between size and dependent variable debt ratio is positive and statistically significant for the banking as well as the insurance sector. This means that larger firms in the two sectors have high debt ratio. Considering the fact that large firms are more diversified, bear less risk and have more consistent cash flows, therefore they can afford higher levels of debt. For example Allied bank limited, National bank of Pakistan, Habib bank limited, MCB bank and united bank limited etc which are the largest banks has the highest debt ratio as compare to smaller banks like samba bank, first credit and investment bank and my bank limited etc. and in the insurance sector Adamjee insurance, EFUG insurance, Asian insurance has high debt ratio against a low debt ratio of Central insurance, IGI insurance and Pakistan general insurance. This result is supported by trade-off theory (bankruptcy cost theory) that fixed direct costs of bankruptcy consist of a smaller portion of the total value of the firm thus larger firms do not hesitate to take more debt because of fear of bankruptcy. For larger firms this cost is smaller and it makes easy for them to obtain debt. Further, larger listed firms in the two sectors of Pakistan have state ownership (partial or complete state controlled) that facilitates them with less chance of bankruptcy and easy access to debts. Majority of empirical studies that include the data from developing countries find a positive relation between size and debt ratio. For ex ample: Titman and Wessels (1988), Rajan and Zingales (1995), Booth et al; (2001), Shah and Hijazi (2004), Abubakar sayeed (2007), Fitim Deari and Media Deari (2009), Naveed, Zulfiqar and Ishfaq (2010), provide the evidence of significant direct relationship between size and debt ratio. In contrast Shah and Khan (2007) and Suhaila, Mat Kila and Wan Mahmood, Wan Mansor (2008) found that size is not a proper explanatory variable of debt ratio. Since our result has a significant statistics so we can claim that size does have significant role in making debt ratio and determining the capital structure of Pakistani firms in banking and insurance sector. Larger firms use more debt rather than equity to raise their financing. Non-debt tax shield The literature on capital structure suggests that non-debt tax shields like depreciation reduce the need for debt to stop net income from going to next high tax brackets. The variable non-debt tax shield is found to be negatively related to debt ratio in all findings but statistically insignificant. Thus this result is not consistent with the predictions of trade-off theory of capital structure. One reason for this statistically insignificant relation between the explanatory variable non-debt tax shield and dependent variable debt ratio is that in Pakistan, tax rate does not vary with the level of income. There are three straight rates in Pakistan: One applicable to commercial organizations in government ownership Second to public limited companies And third to organizations in financial sector Therefore non-debt tax shield (depreciation) does not work as a substitute to leverage to stop net income from going into a next high tax bracket. Therefore, in other words the amount or level of depreciation is not considered in making capital structure decision. This result is consistent with the results of Shah and Khan (2007), Abubakar sayeed (2007), Jasir ilyas (2008) and Fitim Deari and Media Deari (2009) who a lso find that non-debt tax shield is insignificantly related to debt ratio. However, Ozkan (2001); Banerjee, et al. (2000), Huang and Song (2005), Flannery and Rangan (2006) and Ziad Zurigat (2009) find significant negative relationship between NDTS and debt ratio. In contrast Delcoure (2007) found positive relation between the two, in the context of central and eastern European countries. Growth The growth variable has a significant positive impact on the dependent variable debt ratio as for as banking as well as insurance sector is concerned. Thus our result support the pecking order theory presented by Myer and Majluf (1984) which predicts that growth variable and debt ratio are positively related, and says that if external funds are required firms will prefer debt over equity due to lower information costs associated with debt, because for a growing firm their internal funds might not be sufficient to meet their requirements and to finance their positive investment oppurtu nities and hence, they are likely to be in need of external funds and therefore, they will use debt to finance their investment activities and expand their business. Firms in the two sectors achieved a high growth rate in the period 2002-2009. This result means that firms with higher growth rate maintain higher debt ratio. Growth is founded a significant factor for deciding the capital structure decisions in the two sectors of Pakistan and firms with high growth rates borrow more than firms with low growth rates. Myers (1977) studied growth options, and argues that corporate future investment opportunities can be considered as options. These growth options value then depends on the probability that the companies will exercise them optimally. He further suggests that a firm may pass up some profitable investment opportunities in the presence of risky debt, which is also called the problem of under-investment. However, such problems will not arise, if firms have more debt of short maturity in their capital structure, because the firm will pay the debt before the growth option expires. Most of the Pakistani firms finance their investment projects by short term financing, they has a large amount of short term debt in total debt as compare to long term debt Shah and Hijazi (2004). Thus the finding is similar to Myers (1977) prediction that firms with greater amount of short term debt will have higher growth options in order to reduce the costs of shareholder-bondholder conflicts has been confirmed by empirical studies. According to Garcia-Teruel and Martinez-Solano (2007) short-term debt is more common in firms with major growth options. Shah and Hijazi (2004), Cai et al. (2008), KÃ ´rner (2007) and Joy pathak (2010) also find similar results. In contrast, Fakher Buferna, Kenbata Bangassa and Lynn Hodgkinson (2008) find negative relationship between growth and debt ratio. Booth et al, (2001) argue that there is positive relation between debt ratio and growth in almost all countries in their sample. Pandey (2001) also finds a positive relation in the context of Malaysia. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Profitability In The Market Example For Free" essay for you Create order

The US Secret Service Essay examples - 1147 Words

Although the original mission of the United States Secret Services was to control and prevent counterfeit money in the United States after the Civil War in 1865, by 1930 the role of the Secret Service had greatly expanded. Many events occurred during that period that led the Secret Service to expand to enforce the laws whether it includes protecting money, protecting the President, or investigating on the frauds and groups that are dangerous to the people of America. Driving forces and trends impacted Secret Service mission and support operations over the many years. The Secret Service was officially created by President Abraham Lincoln on July 5, 1865. The Secret Service headquarters was created in Washington D.C. The headquarters†¦show more content†¦In addition to conventional threats, chemical, biological and radiological weapons of mass destruction have far greater lethality and scope and pose a greater risk than they have in the past. The kkk terrorist attacks demonst rate the extremism and the uncivilized society of terrorist techniques and challenge the traditional approach to security. The Secret Service is challenged to identify and neutralize potential threats by individuals and groups in this increasingly sophisticated, mobile, and violence prone environment. The amendment of the Secret Services was not drastically changed, it happened over a long period of time. Eventually after thirty-six years, when President William Mckinley was assassinated the congress finally added the protection of the president on the Secret Services list of tasks. President James A. Garfield was also assassinated 16 years after Lincoln and Congress didn’t act until President McKinley died. Since 1901 every President from Theodore Roosevelt on has been protected by the Secret Service. The Secret Services kept on improving in the following years. Even before the two assassinations of Mckinley and Garfield congress did make changes in 1877. Congress passed an act to prohibit the counterfeiting of any coin, gold, or silver bar. Eighteen Years after the Secret Services had been established, the Secret Services was officiallyShow MoreRelatedWhy The Secret Service Came1044 Words   |  5 PagesWhy the Secret Service Came to be Jonathan W. Taylor Ivy Tech Community College Abstract The United States of America has an elite group of men and women who protect their President, and handle monetary crimes such as counterfeiting, and financial crimes, they are called the United States Secret Service. These top agents work hard daily to crack down on fraudulent crimes, and keep the Commander in Chief alive. 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Major Historical Developments of the Early Renaissance Free Essays

According to Perry in his book, during the Middle Ages people praised the greatness of God.   They saw preparation for heaven as the most important reason for life.   The beginning of the change from the medieval outlook to a modern one is called the Renaissance, or rebirth. We will write a custom essay sample on Major Historical Developments of the Early Renaissance or any similar topic only for you Order Now   It was the time of gradual change, not a sharp break in the Middle Ages.   They continued to believe in the teachings of the Church.   But to their religious beliefs they added many worldly interests and activities. During the Medieval Europe, we can say that the Church plays an important role in the society, particularly the Christian belief.   It is said that it was the foundation of medieval civilization.   It gives form, direction and unity in the society.   The people believe that the path to heaven is through the church. The church was the center of life among medieval people.   It was used as a community center.   The church services were part of medieval people’s daily lives.   The priests also play as the teacher among villagers.   They taught them the sacraments and teachings of the church.   They provided services among the villagers like mass, provided care for the needy and sick, and taught children Latin.   The Monks and Nuns were the finest examples of the Christian way of life according to the people during this period. One contribution to civilizations of the Middle Ages was that the convents and monasteries during this time established hospitals and provided shelter for travelers.   It is also consider as the center of learning.   They converted pagans to Christianity.   Mendicants were visible in towns and even on open roads. They preach and they meet their needs by begging.   Among those mendicants were Franciscans, Poor Clares and the Dominicans.   The Dominicans main goal was not only to preach but also to convert every individual. The Church during this time insisted that people should obey the rules and doctrines of the Church in order to reached heaven. They tried to persuade heretics to return to the fold.   If that failed, it would threaten them with excommunication.   An excommunicated person would be expelled from the church and denied the sacraments.   In the Age of Faith no punishment could be worse than this one. Renaissance Renaissance is the term used during the beginning of change from the medieval outlook to a modern one; it also means rebirth.   It was also the time of gradual change.   Renaissance people during this time were neither nonbelievers nor heretics.   They still believe in the teachings of the church.   But as time goes by, changes have brought to their beliefs that affect their activities and worldly interests.   Renaissance does not only bring some changes in the beliefs of the people.   Humanism is one example of this.   There are individuals who were known as humanists. The first great humanist of the Renaissance was Francesco Petrarch.   He collected ancient Latin and Greek manuscripts and imitated the style of Great Roman poets.   He explored and sought his innermost feelings.  Desiderius Erasmus, a gentle Dutchman was one of the respected Christian humanists.   He was interested in studying human behavior.   He wanted people to be kind and reasonable.   He was consider as a Christian humanist because he spread the new learning and sought a deeper and purer religious devotion. There were medieval artists that were known during this time like Raphael, Michael Angelo Buonarotti, and Leonardo da Vinci.   They express their feelings through paintings.   Their work of art focuses on religion.   Among their work of art were Madonna by Raphael; the paintings of Michael Angelo in the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel; and even Mona Lisa of Leonardo da Vinci.   All of this was reflections of the Christian religion.  Like the Renaissance, the Reformation plays a big role during this time.   Reformation was the time when many Christians left the Catholic Church. There are people that led to this reformation. One is John Wycliffe, he was from England who questions the basic teaching of the church – – that people can reached heaven through the Church.   Another reformist was John Huss of Bohemia who was influenced by Wycliffe.   He challenged the authority of the Pope, denounced the wealth of the clergy and called the deepening of spiritual feeling.   The third reformist was Martin Luther, who was a German Monk who believes that people could reach God by Faith alone. He also nailed on the door of Wittenberg his Ninety-Nine Theses which denounces the indulgences of the Church. As a whole I can say that reformation plays a big role in the changes that occur to the religious beliefs of the people.   It divided the unity of faith among westerners from Catholicism emerge Protestantism.   The Reformation also helps to develop modern economics attitudes.   The secular attitude of the Renaissance contributed in the politics and the economic life of people in the society. Reference: Unfinished Journey: A World History. 1983. Marvin Perry. Houghton Mifflin Company. Boston, Massachusetts. ISBN: 971-11-0125-4       How to cite Major Historical Developments of the Early Renaissance, Essay examples

Slaughterhouse-Five free essay sample

An analysis of the science-fiction novel Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. The paper discusses Kurt Vonnegut Jr.s use of time and place as part of his narrative strategy in Slaughterhouse-Five, a novel with a science-fiction format. The paper shows how the main character is carried back and forth through time as well as space because time is a thematic subject in the novel. Not being stuck in time does not mean complete freedom, however. On the one hand, the novel seems to reflect the thematic sense that Billys life is determined and that he has no control over it. This is because no matter how many times Billy moves through his life, appearing first in one place and then another, the outcome is always the same. Time travel does not mean the ability to change time. Indeed, since the Tralfamadorians experience all time at once, time must be unchangeable. We will write a custom essay sample on Slaughterhouse-Five or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Vonnegut offers a deterministic and even pessimistic view of life and the passage of time and also emphasizes that we live in moments in our lives that were of dramatic impact for good or ill but that can also never be changed no matter how many times we relive them or how much we want to change them when we do.

Four

Introduction In the contemporary world, the importance of the employees in determining the success of an organisation has significantly increased. For instance, the employees’ level of productivity and ability determines the overall cost of production per unit. Therefore, it is necessary to have employee motivation measures in order to maximize the level of their performance.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Four-drive theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Discussion The four drive theory attempts to explain employee motivation basing the argument on a set of dynamic interacting needs that are important in the make up of the human being (Latham, 2007). These needs evolve from the past experience that man has come across in life. They are also intrinsic. The main drives include; acquire, bond, comprehend, and defend. These four drives are the major factors that play a pivotal role in determining the intera ctions as well as the outcome of such interactions among the employees. The drives in this case include acquisition of the status as well as the material gains. It is important to note that these drives can either lead to good performance and also to deterioration in the level of their performance. On the other hand, the Maslow’s hierarchy theory is a theory on human motivation that was proposed by Abraham Maslow. This theory categorizes human needs into different levels. There are some levels where some are more fundamental than others. The satisfaction of these needs can significantly affect the performance of an individual. The Maslow’s hierarchy of needs can be presented in a form of a pyramid. Maslow identified four needs, which are usually referred to as deficiency needs. These include security, friendship and love, esteem and the physical needs. Maslow insisted on satisfaction of the basic level of needs in order for an individual to be motivated. Later, the Ald erfer modified and reduced Maslow’s five levels of need to three categories; Existence, Relatedness, and growth (Kondalkar, 2007). The above analysis reveals some differences and similarities between the four-drive theory and the Maslow’s needs in employee motivation. According to the Maslow’s explanation, there is a need to satisfy the lower level needs in order to access the upper level needs. On the other hand, the four drives described in the four drive theory are not stepped.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the four drive theory, each of the stated drives can vary from an individual to another (Articlebase, 2009). Therefore, we expect to get variations from one individual to another depending on other factors. In the Maslow’s theory of needs, there is a certain order of the need. This is unlike in the case of the four drive theory. In the four driv en theory, the need to acquire represents the rewards which determines your performance. This is comparable with the Maslow’s need; belonging. A reward gives employees a sense of belonging and therefore motivates them to work harder. The dives of bond are the drive to relate with others in a relationship of mutual caring. For instance, people tend to relate with the people in similar demographics (Latham, 2007). This is similar to the need of esteem which is all about respect for and by others, which significantly contributes in employee motivation. The drive to learn and comprehend refers to the extent to which the employee is interested in their specific positions and duties. It also seeks to reveal whether the employee has the opportunity to learn new things. This can be compared with the Maslow’s need for self-actualization. Employees can only reach their targets through learning which facilitates their creativity. The drive to defend is all about whether the firm is using the just rating procedures, whether there is fairness or whether the people are treated fairly the way they deserve. Again, this can be seen as the need for love or belonging. Reference List Articlebase. (2009). The Four Drive Theory in the Workplace. Web. Kondalkar. (2007). Organization Effectiveness and Change Management. New Delhi: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Four-drive theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Latham, G. (2007). Work Motivation: History, Theory, Research, and Practice. New York: SAGE. This essay on Four-drive theory was written and submitted by user Wyatt Gibson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Broadsheet newspaper on the same day Essays

Broadsheet newspaper on the same day Essays Broadsheet newspaper on the same day Essay Broadsheet newspaper on the same day Essay Comparison of the front page of a tabloid newspaper and the front page of a broadsheet newspaper on the same day. The following piece of work will reflect the differences between a broadsheet newspaper (The Independent) and a tabloid newspaper (The Mail). It will comment on the variations in the way the two newspapers present the Headline, photographs, layout, journalistic styles fact and opinion and the angle of the report. Newspapers have been in circulation a long time, this year being the newspapers 300th anniversary. The Daily Courant was the very first newspaper, printed in 1702, and is still in print today; even though The Stanford Mercury claims it was first printed in 1695. For some years now there has been growing fears that the television, and the Internet will end the spell on newspapers, but in 1999 there was still ten British morning newspapers; between them selling over 13,000,000 copies a day. Newspapers first started with the coffee house society. Upper class citizens would meet in the coffee houses and want to be seen reading the daily news. National papers are usually divided into two categories, Tabloid (or popular press) of which there five. The two most popular are The Sun and The Mirror, between them selling six million copies a day. These are often called the red tops, because of their red mastheads. They include news, but also gossip about celebrities, pictures and shorter articles. Their readership, unlike broadsheet newspapers, is generally the working class public. The Daily Mail and The Express are both called the middle market, they sell over 3 million copies a day, and contain a balance of news, photographs and features. The five qualities (or main broadsheets) are the Daily Telegraph the Times, The Gardian, The Independent and The Financial Times. In these papers there is a lot more news covering political foreign issues, which tabloids sometimes neglect. These newspapers have a more high brow readership. The Broadsheets arent as popular as the tabloids, but all-in-all news papers are still a crucial way of obtaining the news. September the 11th is synonymous with terror, destruction, death, despair, hatred and pain but also with courage, determination, freedom and love. The first anniversary of September 11th provided the Broadsheets and Tabloids with a golden opportunity to focus on the human interest aspects of the tragedy. The news value of September 11th is unquantifiable, as it marks that day never to be forgotten in history. So every newspaper will be competing for the readership on this day, as it strikes a close relationships with the reader which would have affected them in one-way or another. The headline for The Independent is simply September 11 in big, bold, clear, black font. This headline is simplistic yet in the readers mind it conjures up a personal response of what was happening this time last year. The journalist avoids use of puns, alliteration and emotive techniques but it still highly effective. The headline for the Daily Mail is WHERE THE HELL IS HE NOW? With a subtitle: Armageddon a year on. But as the west prepares for war, the question remains.. . This headline is much bigger in font size than the Independents and is underlined. It is also in big, bold capital letters, which is extremely eye catching and uses a rhetorical question to personalise it to the reader. It also uses sensationalism as the west arent actually preparing for war its there to grab your attention. The headline is in white font on top of a black background which makes it somehow gloomy, on the other hand the picture for the Independent is of the New York skyline a year after the terrorist attacks. It is directly under the headline and the skyline is beautiful, clear and calm yet without the two magnificent twin towers. This picture is highly emotive, and by far the most effective of the two pictures, as it is such a contrast of the skyline a year ago as the dominant familiar feature is missing, the sky is also impossibly blue making you wonder will history tragically repeat itself a year on. The Daily Mails picture is a large, close up picture of Osma Bin Laden, the man behind the terrorists attacks. This picture dominates the whole front page and links up with the headline. Both the Mail and the Independent have avoided showing pictures of the plane flying into the towers, and have instead gone with a more emotive approach of making the reader conjure up those images. The photograph of the skyline in the Independent is in full colour and is dislocated from the masthead. In the Mail the front page is given to the picture and the choice of colours are red, black and white, which are all very bold colours and stand out well. As the whole front page is given to the picture in the Mail it has no room for a article unlike the Independent. The article begins with the five Ws (who, what, where, why and when) which are used in journalism in order to quickly inform a reader of the gist of the article and to gain interest. When four hijacked aircraft swept from an impossibly blue sky to kill 3,000 people and transform America today. This statement contains descriptive writing enticing the reader. Like most broadsheets newspaper newspapers, the facts and opinions provided in the Independent are very much impartial. It contains mostly facts with very little opinion, and provides the story, with the only opinions contained in quotes used in this article, nothing is left out as to influence the readers opinion on the story. As a result, it is less sensational and more factual. The Independent, being a broadsheet, has very little emotive language exploited by its journalists, and is almost a neutral source of information, like wise The Mail has no by-line, as it has no article, caption, advert, columns, index or blurb, whilst the independent has all of these things- but you must take into consideration the size difference between a broadsheet and a tabloid. The broadsheet still gives the majority of the front page to the lead story, although it can still afford to have a support story about Parliament to be recalled after Blair bows to pressure for debate, because of its sheer size. The overall layout of the Independent article is simplistic, the print size is small, but normal for newspapers and even the headline uses a relatively small font. It is set out in columns and isnt as eye catching and the Mails huge headline and picture. It is obvious, from comparison of the two newspapers and the different way in which they deliver the news, that the Mail and the Independent are worlds apart. As the tabloid newspapers are selling millions more copies than the broadsheets I wonder do people, on the whole, want facts and figures that the broadsheets provide, or do they want gossip, opinion and bias? Do they want to be shocked and entertained, which is what the tabloids aim to do. I think the answer to that question is to be found in the sales figures.

Staffing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Staffing - Assignment Example inion of the employees towards work and the work place enhanced to increase the productivity due to the determination of the company to attain its goals (David, Steve, and Ron, 78). The programs are implementable and yield more economical returns in contrast to the required input. The plan also focuses on all the required sectors of the organization to achieve motivation across all sectors of the company. The leaders in each area of the company provided with plans to facilitate their operations. The company occasionally provides training to its leaders to improve the management and leadership function within the company. Whenever a change of leadership methods employed occurs the company embraces he change and implements it within an appropriate timeline. The companys human resource operates on guidelines to ensure productivity and relevance of human resource practices. The company works at enhancing its public image through the production of goods that are customer oriented and providing value added services to its consumers. Enhancing the public image targets at improving the image of the company by the provision of satisfactory services. The main facilitator for improving the image of the company is through the social media. The plan puts into consideration the reservations of the customer as in order to avoid resistance to change. The company provides continuous training to its employees to ensure that the employees are conversant with the ever-changing methods employed in the production process. Although the training occurs occasionally, the company ensures that the relevant knowledge required in the production is available to employees. The workers have the liberty to join unions, and they voice their concerns through the unions. The unions facilitate the collective bargaining by employees. The strategy is to have all the employees under a similar trade union to reduce conflicts. Although the desired plan to improve the association with the unions, this

Concussions in the NFL, an its affect on current and retired NFL Research Paper

Concussions in the NFL, an its affect on current and retired NFL Players - Research Paper Example our game as safe as possible, to protect the health and safety of our players, and to set the best possible example for players at all levels and in all sports.† Historically, doctors were limited to post-mortem biopsies, however, thanks to new technologies such as the functional magnetic resonance imaging that allows the doctors and scientists to observe and study a living human brain, researchers are better able to understand the nature of traumatic brain injuries and the deleterious effects of repeated concussions. To limit the number and severity of future injuries, the dual-prong strategy concentrates on increasing awareness of the dangers of concussions and of their symptoms, and of using advanced medical technology to better diagnose and treat injuries, and to create and evaluate novel treatment options. The new standard states that a player who is concussed should not return to play the same day if he has memory problems, a headache or persistent dizziness. This is a change from the old standard from 2007, wherein a player should not return to play if he had lost consciousness, reflects a growing concern of fans and players on the seriousness of head injuries (Schefter 2009). Pressure on management to address the issue has meant new regulations, including suspensions and fines up to $75,000 for dangerous hits (Associated Press 2010). How widespread is the problem in the NFL? Currently, there are eleven players league-wide with reported concussions and another eight listed with head injuries (Schefter 2009). There are an average of 1  ½ to 2 concussions per game (Associated Press 2010). While the average concussion is the result of 95 g’s of acceleration to the skull, American football players experience of 103 g’s or more (Malinowski 2010). According to the Center for Disease Control, amongst the general population traumatic brain injury â€Å"is a contributing factor to one third of all injury-related deaths in the United States.† That’s roughly

Training And Career Development In Private Sector Management Essay

Training And Career Development In Private Sector Management Essay The involvement of the private sector to foster the improvement of the workforce can affect the entire economy. The operations of the companies in the formulation and implementation of the training is having its own potential to grow as a strategy. The provided opportunity to the professionals deserves an upgrading approach into their skills and to their careers. Without the appropriate answer in the needs of the employees for training there is a devastating effect on the growth of the business and the countrys economy of Pakistan. Different administrative reforms of the private companies adopted different strategies and adjustments to satisfy the needs. With respect to the core personnel policies, there should be an effective way to enhance the job performance of the employee. The aid of the training and development is one of the major steps that most of the private companies want to keep in their system to achieve the quality of performance. In this report I have presented study on TD at Telenor. The study limit is to understand the existing system and through a survey of employees to know their feedback of the TD system procedure. The study for time and other resources is limited in its scope but is a sound preliminary work for a researcher in this field. CONTENTS Chapter # CHAPTER NAME PAGE NO. 3. 4. 5. 6. INTRODUCTION Scope of the project Problem Statement Research Objectives Introduction of Variables Definition Training methods Training effectiveness Company Profile Introduction HRD functions Literature Review Introduction to T CD Relationship between variables Research Methodology Methods Result analysis Conclusion Recommendations 5 8 12 24 30 43 SCOPE OF STUDY The strength of any organization is its people. If people are attended properly by recognizing their talents, developing their capabilities and utilizing them appropriately, organizations are likely to be dynamic and grow fast. Ultimately the variety of task in any organization has to be accomplished by the people. Some of them have capabilities to do certain tasks better than other tasks, and some of them may not have capabilities to do the task assigned to them. In any case one of the important process goals of any dynamic organization is to assure that its people are capable of doing the variety of tasks associated to their role/position. Development of their capabilities keeps them psychologically vital. This development needs to be monitored in terms of matching it with the organizational requirements. Therefore, any organization; interested in developing the capabilities of its employee should understand the nature of capabilities required to perform different functions as well as dynamics underlying the development of these capabilities in an and organizational context. Thus proper and timely training programs should be conducted in an organization. PROBLEM STATEMENT: What is the impact of training on employees career development? OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY Objective Examining the impact of training on career development in private organization of Pakistan. The principle objectives are as follows: To understand the training and development activities of the company. To find out the impact on the performance of the individual after training. Report the feedback of the employees of the training activity carried on. To know the training methods used in the organization. To know the reasons for employees training and development. CHAPTER 2 INTRODUCTION OF VARIABLES Training Career Development INTRODUCTION Training is defined as a continuous learning process in which the employees will acquire knowledge, enhance professional skills and improve attitudes and behaviors to excel well on the job. The objectives of the training department to identify the required training needs of an organization and fill the gap with a host of training methods for the welfare of the organization and employees on a whole.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The basic difference between training and development is: Training helps to make the employee of a company to be more effective and efficient in the present role and responsibilities of the job i.e. fulfill short term needs of any company but development helps to improve the overall personality dimensions of an employee to take up any future assignments if any and better equipped to handle any critical situations might occur i.e. fulfill long term needs of any company. Different methods in training employees: There are different training methods like on -the job techniques, off-the-job techniques, role playing, simulation, internship, apprentice ship, lectures, case analysis, laboratory training methods etc.  Ã‚   Effectiveness of trainings The training is effective in all means if it Imparts new skills Inculcates new ideas, knowledge and concepts Is practical oriented Not an information dump Aligns the training needs to fulfill the organizational short and long term goals Conducts the post evaluation to ensure the satisfaction levels to refine the future training needs. The following are the key issues to be addressed for a successful training program: Place (indoor/outdoor) Audio visual aids Relevant training materials Facilities Time schedule Non visual aids Trainer  Ã‚  Ã‚   The role of a trainer is to develop a competency and skill sets in an individual to perform his/her effectively and efficiently in the work place. The trainer should communicate to the trainees about what is expected out of training in a simple and professional way. The trainer plays a pivotal role from start to end of the training that includes the following: Training plan Timing of different training sessions Choosing the relevant training methods Preparing the training materials and aids Conducting training sessions and Evaluating the post training session   The following are the steps to be undertaken to make the long training session not boring to the trainees/employees: Give appropriate breaks to refresh Use both audio-visual aids as and when necessary Keep avoiding mono dialogue session; make the session highly interactive Include management games like ice breakers etc. to energize the whole team Introduce different learning principles like showing live industry examples and case study analysis  Ã‚   CHAPTER 3 TELENOR COMPANY PROFILE INTRODUCTION Telenor Pakistan is a Pakistani GSM cellular service provider, and is a subsidiary of Telenor, Norway. It has a subscriber base of 19.98 million as of March 2009.Telenor Pakistan is owned by Telenor ASA and adds on to its operations in Asia together with Thailand, Malaysia and Bangladesh. Telenor ASA is an international provider of high quality telecommunications, data and media communication services. It ranks as worlds 7th largest mobile operator with a total of 164 million subscribers in its mobile operations. Telenor Pakistan launched its operations in March 2005 as the single largest direct European investment in Pakistan, setting precedence for further foreign investments in the telecom sector. The company has crossed many milestones and grown in a number of directions, making Telenor Pakistan a leading telecom operator of the country. Telenor is the fastest growing mobile network in the country, with coverage reaching deep into many of the remotest areas of Pakistan. In the mo st difficult terrains of the country, from the hilly northern areas to the sprawling deserts in the south, at times Telenor is the only operator connecting the previously unconnected. Telenor is keeping ahead by investing heavily in infrastructure expansion. With USD 2 billion already invested, Telenor have extended agreements with vendors for network expansion and services until 2009. The agreements, with a potential to result in USD 750 million worth of orders from Telenor Pakistan, are some of the biggest of their kind in the industry. Telenor is spreading across Pakistan, creating 2,500 direct and 25,000-plus indirect employment opportunities. Telenor is a network of 23 company-owned sales and service centers, more than 200 franchisees and some 100,000 retail outlets. VISION AND VALUES Telenor vision is simple: Telenor exists to help customers get the full benefit of communications services in their daily lives. Were here to help. Make it easy. Keep promises. Be inspiring and be respectful. Telenor vision and values define a common approach for all their employees setting out how they do business at Telenor. They provide a fundamental guide for taking care of our customers. Together they set the standard for how Telenor work in order to create sustainable value for our shareholders, customers, employees and partners. Values The values at Telenor are a constant reminder to Employees of how Telenor should serve all our customers around the world. They inspire us to be a driving force in modern communications and customer satisfaction. Values in practice According to an official at Telenor We want to make it easy for our customers to get what they want, when they want it. We will keep promises and do what we say we will do. We will innovate to deliver fresh ideas. And, as an international company, we will respect our customers and their local cultures. TELENOR GROUP STRATEGY The Telenor Group has a strong track record of delivering on ambitious goals. By 2011, we aim to be one of the fastest growing mobile operators in the world, with a strong broadband position in all markets, successfully developing new services and adopting new and responsible business models. The Telenor Group has defined six strategic ambitions which it aims to achieve by 2011. These are: 1. To deliver increased profitable growth The Telenor Group aims to achieve a substantial revenue increase in the years to come. This growth will mainly come from existing businesses. We will seek to increase our core mobile and fixed voice revenues and explore broadband opportunities in our emerging markets. The Telenor Group is also investing in adjacent markets, such as basic financial services and machine-to-machine (M2M) communication worldwide. 2. To strengthen our performance culture across the Group In all our operating companies, we will continue the successful practice of combining a local approach with global expertise. This means that the local management teams will build a unique performance culture based on their own initiatives and in line with the Telenor governance model, Codes of Conduct, vision and values, our people policy and the way we work across borders. In terms of Health, Safety and Environment (HSE), our objective is to improve working conditions and environmental management by having clearly defined standards across our operating companies and supply chains. 3. To make responsible business a competitive advantage Corporate responsibility at Telenor will be part of managing risk and linked to our core business. For example, the measures we have taken to fight climate change are motivated both by our commitment to corporate responsibility and by an enlightened view of associated business benefits and opportunities: what is good for the environment is also good for business. Telenor now has clearly defined targets on CO2 emissions from its operations not just to help save our planet, but to save energy and money. Telenor has a strong track record when it comes to sustainable business: it was ranked top performer by the Dow Jones Sustainability Indexes (DJSI) in 2007 and 2008. 4. To provide a superior customer experience   Faced with an increasingly competitive environment, Telenor needs to differentiate itself by providing a superior customer experience. In our vision were here to help and core values (make it easy, keep promises, be inspiring, be respectful),   We put customer experience at the top of the agenda throughout the Telenor Group. One of our ambitions is to reach a situation where end-users brand preference is higher than the Telenor market share for all operating companies. 5. To ensure best practice benchmarking across the Group: Telenor will undertake benchmarking and best practice sharing across the Group. A global objective is to achieve a higher reduction in the average operational cost per minute than the expected decline in average price per minute. The Telenor Group aims to achieve considerable continued growth in operating cash flow from all of its operations. 6. To drive change and constant renewal: To secure a strong industry position, we need to innovate in everything we do. To get the most out of our efforts, we have prioritized five group-wide innovation areas: Broadband outside the Nordic countries. Our long-term ambition is to achieve the same position in broadband (mobile and fixed) as we have in mobile voice today. Connected objects / M2M. The Internet of things. The Telenor Group is working to establish itself as a global player within this rapidly growing and potentially huge market. Financial services. The Telenor Group aims to establish itself as a significant player in parts of the financial services industry in select under-serviced markets, establishing a platform for long-term growth. Partner innovation. The Telenor Group controls many valuable assets that can be further developed together with partners. Partner-driven innovation is a cost-effective way to create many new revenue-generating services. Climate change. Our number one priority is to reduce CO2 emissions. The Telenor Group aims to be part of the climate solution by de-carbonizing business processes and reducing physical travel and transport. HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT: Human Resource Department engage to perform a set of systematic and planned activities designed by an organization to provide its members with the opportunities to learn necessary skills to meet current and future job demands. HRD department in telenor plays very active role. The head office of HRD department is situated in Islamabad however it has its four zonal offices, these are Central I Central II North South Working of HRD department is cross functional, there is great coordination is among the departments of the company. And HRD department play an important role in providing strategic support. HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT FUNCTIONS: The functions of HRD in Telenor is to developing the required skills in employees as by perceiving the future needs and demands of the company as well as the requirement of the competitive environment. The major functions which they have to perform are Training and development (TD) Organization development Career development The new learning and performance wheel Strategic management and HRD The supervisors role in HRD Organizational structure of the HRD function As Telenor is one of the growing company of the country so, it is also facing a lot of challenges in order to make its human resource as its competitive advantages, the major challenges which are being faced by the Human Resource Development department in Telenor are: Increasing workforce diversity Competing in a global economy Eliminating the skills gap The need for lifelong learning Facilitating organizational learning, However in Telenor, the HRD department is doing great job in order to cope with all these challenges, HRD department has developed a complete framework which the management is currently practicing.   TYPES OF TRAINING: There are varieties of training types are available at Telenor which varies from need of the employees as well as the company. Broadly speaking there are two main sources of Training. In House Training: In house training the company offers the training in its different zones by means of seminars, conferences and workshops. In house training which is given on the job is System related training Product related training Technical Training Front End Desk Training Operational wise training These are the most common types of training which company gives to its employees. Outsource training: Outsource training telenor go for the outsourcing when the in house training is not available. The topic cover under outsource training are those which are more general in nature so company by evaluating cost and benefit go for outsourcing. While go for outsourcing, Telenor is using the services of Novatious Institute which holds a good name regarding the training. The common types of training are Moral Building Attitude Building Executives Training. ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AND ITS SUPPORTIVENESS FOR TRAINING: As far as Telenor internal culture is considered the employees are really very satisfied with the Telenors norms and values. It is one of the major reasons that the turn over rate of this organization is very low. By conducting the survey of the sales employees in Telenor, we come to know that 90% of the employees of Telenor took the Training most effective. The major aspects of Telenors culture which supports its objectives are: It owned a flat structure so the communication among employees is very good. Hierarchy of the organization is well managed and there exist no fear between subordinate and boss which give rise to the confidence in employees. There is a vertical communication as well as horizontal communication exists among the employees of Telenor which supports its objectives of being EEO organization. Training is the necessary components for all the employees from CSR (customer services representative) to CEO (chief Executive officer) A FRAMEWORK FOR THE HRD PROCESS HRD department follow a frame work which consists of four major steps, HRD department is primarily responsible for Learning and development of employees. The whole activities of HRD department in Telenor revolve around these steps. 1. Training Need Assessment Phase 2. Training Design Phase 3. Implementation phase 4. Evaluation phase   1- TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENT PHASE: Training needs analysis process is a series of activities conducted to identify problems or other issues in the workplace, and to determine whether training is an appropriate response. An analysis of training need is an essential requirement to the design of effective training. The purpose of training need analysis is to determine whether there is a gap between what is required for effective performance and present level of performance. The needs analysis is usually the first step taken to cause a change. This is mainly because a needs analysis specifically defines the gap between the current and the desired individual and organizational performances. In Telenor, the TNA phase has given a primarily importance, it is conducted to determine whether resources required are available or not. It helps to plan the budget of the company, areas where training is required, and also highlights the occasions where training might not be appropriate but requires alternate action. Training Need ari ses at four levels: Training Need Organizational Level Individual Level Operational Level Corporate need and training need are interdependent because the organization performance ultimately depends on the performance of its individual employee and its sub group. Organizational Level In Telenor, Training needs analysis at organizational level focuses on strategic planning, business need, and goals. It starts with the assessment of internal environment of the organization such as, procedures, structures, policies, strengths, and weaknesses and external environment such as opportunities and threats. After doing the SWOT analysis, weaknesses can be dealt with the training interventions, while strengths can further be strengthened with continued training. Threats can be reduced by identifying the areas where training is required. And, opportunities can be exploited by balancing it against costs. For this approach to be successful, the HRD department of Telenor gets involved in strategic planning. In this planning, HR develops strategies to be sure that the employees in the organization have the required Knowledge, Skills, and Attributes (KSAs) based on the future KSAs requirements at each level. Individual Level HRD department of Telenor focuses on each and every individual in the organization. At this level, the HRD department checks whether an employee is performing at desired level or the performance is below expectation. If the difference between the expected performance and actual performance comes out to be positive, then certainly there is a need of training. However, individual competence can also be linked to individual need. The methods which are most commonly used by the HRD department of Telenor to analyze the individual need are: Appraisal and performance review Competency assessments Customer feedback Self-assessment or self-appraisal Operational Level Operational level focuses on the work that is being assigned to the employees. The job analyst at Telenor gathers the information on whether the job is clearly understood by an employee or not. Training officers gathers this information through technical interview, observation, psychological test; questionnaires asking the closed ended as well as open ended questions, etc. Today, jobs are dynamic and keep changing over the time. Employees need to prepare for these changes. The job analyst also gathers information on the tasks needs to be done plus the tasks that will be required in the future. CHAPTER 4 LITERATURE REVIEW Dependent Variable: Career Development Independent Variable: Training LITERATURE REVIEW: To cope with the speedy rate of change or alternations, organizations are more and more challenged with developing significant training programs for its members as a way to compete and succeed in todays unpredictable environment. Pfeiffer (2000) argues that training can be a source of competitive advantage in several industries for firms with the knowledge to use it. Katz (1998) highlights that although large corporations spend over $50 billion on training expenditure, effective employee learning is diminished. Another author Prahalad (2000) also wires employee learning by stating that training should be considered a part of career development for managers that include both the methodical and empirical side of management. Training is defined as the organized acquisition of skills, rules, ideas, or mind-sets that result in improved performance (Goldstein, 1993); now part of organizational learning and change, employee evaluation, and career development is training (White and Mackenzie-Davey, 2003). At another place training is defined by (Campbell, Dunnette, Lawler, Weick, 1970) as a planned learning practices designed to bring about unending change in an individuals information, attitudes, or abilities. Employee training has turn into more rampant today than 15 years ago, many companies conduct training simply for appearance sake (Hughey and Mussnug, 1997), instead of focusing on adult learning and growth (Wills, 1994; Hollenback and Ingols, 1990; Humphrey, 1990); Kolbs (1984) experimental learning (Whetten and Clark, 1996); and cognitive aptitude (Carter, 2002). Training and organization development activities are receiving increased consideration in the industrial and academic communities at present. According to Huber, organizations spend upwards of $30 billion dollars yearly for training plans involving 15 billion work hours (Huber, 1985). The German apprenticeship system has turn into the focus of much recent writing, studying the financing of such training (Soskice 1994; Oulton and Steedman 1994; Harhoff and Kane 1997; Acemoglu and Pischke 1998). This literature concludes, contrary to the forecasts of Becker (1964), that firms pay a share of the training expenditure of apprentices, even though the qualifications of apprentices are largely broad skills. The bottom line for most training plans is effectiveness; less concentration has been allocated to studying why training programs are effective for some individuals and fruitless for others. Training effectiveness typically is determined by evaluating some combination of the criteria presented in Kirkpatricks (1967) hierarchical model of training outcomes. This hierarchy is made up of four levels of training outcomes: (a) Trainees reactions to the program content and training procedure (reaction); (b) Knowledge or skill attainment (learning); (c) Behavior change (behavior); and (d) Development in tangible individual or organizational outcomes such as turn-over, accidents, or productivity (results). Each stage of the hierarchy is exaggerated by each training result. Trainees satisfaction with the program is believed to have a main impact on learning, the content of the training program must be mastered to some degree for enhancements in on-the-job behavior, and behavior change is important for constructive changes in results such as quality or quantity of production. The overall economy is affected by the organizations choice whether or not to train its workers, even if the firm does not factor the economy into its choice. If all firms within an industry not succeed to train their workers, the whole economy suffers. Hence, training workers is a type of public good, a category that encompasses a broad range of social dilemmas. Employees face a similar dilemma in their choice of how much to contribute to the overall productivity of the organization. If employees receive a share of the profits regardless of their contribution, some may decide to free ride on the efforts of their fellow workers. If all employees decide to do so, the company will fail. The two dilemmas on the employee and organizational levels are closely interconnected. On one side, the benefits of training accumulate only to the extent that employees contribute to the organization. Thus, a firm should take into relation how it expects a training program to affect employee effort as well as employee turnover. On the other side, trained workers produce at higher rates, which in turn may affect how much they contribute and how often they migrate to other firms in comparison with untrained workers. Another way of training your employees in the organization is the mentorship like apprenticeship on which literature suggests that mentoring enhances work effectiveness (Kram, 1985) and job success (Roche, 1979; Stumpf and London, 1981; Hunt and Michael, 1983; Fagenson, 1989). It has also been suggested that training have an important influence on promotion decisions (Stumpf and London, 1981; Hunt and Michael, 1983). Kram (1985) presented an in-depth analysis of the mechanisms through which mentoring affects careers and identified two dimensions of these developmental relationships: Vocational (career coaching) and psycho-social (social support). Career success of managers has generally been defined in terms of performance and the popular symbols of success: Money and position (Hall, 1976; Feldman, 1989). Exploratory Behavior. Hall (1976) defined a career as the individuals perceived sequence of attitudes and behaviors associated with work-related experiences and activities over the span of the persons life Super and his associates theory of adult career development defines four work-relevant life stages: exploration, establishment, maintenance, and decline (Super, 1957; Super, Crites, Hummel, Moser, Overstreet, Warnath, 1957). Jordaan (1963) emphasized exploratory behavior as a key determinant of occupational success and satisfaction. Exploratory behavior refers to mental or physical activities undertaken with the purpose of eliciting information about oneself or ones environment, or forming decisions regarding occupational adjustment, progression, or choice. Exploratory behavior includes self-assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of skills, career values, interests, goals, or plans, as well as the search for job-related information from family, friends, counselors, and other career information outlets (Mihal, Sorce, Compte, 1984; Stumpf, Colarelli, Hartman, 1983). Additionally, the extent to which individuals engage in career planning, a type of exploratory behavior, is related to the likelihood of participation in self-development activities, salary level, and advancement (Gould, 1979; Super Hall, 1978). Goulds (1979) Career planning scale assesses the extent to which career plans exist, how frequently career plans are changed, how clear career plans are, and whether or not a strategy exists for achieving career goals. The relationship between exploratory behavior and training effectiveness is unknown. One possible hypothesis is that trainees who frequently engage in cognitive or environmental search activities are likely to have a better under-standing of their strengths, weaknesses, and interests. This results in a high level of motivation to learn in training programs which are congruent with their career goals. These individuals are likely highly motivated to learn because of the self-realization of skill weaknesses resulting from their investments and interests in career growth and progression as evidenced by the frequency and intensity of exploratory type be-saviors. Career workshops provided by the organization may provide employees with a clearer picture regarding career paths and the prerequisite-site skills for horizontal and vertical movement throughout the organization. So training is the significant part for the career development in any organization. CHAPTER 5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY To conduct any research a scientific method must be followed. The universe of study is very large in which it is difficult to collect information from all the employees. So, the sampling method has been followed for the study. The analysis is based on primary as well as secondary data. Research Area : Telenor Islamabad Sample size : 35 Data collection Primary data : The data was collected using an appropriate questionnaire And observing employees at Telenor office. Secondary data : Internet, books Method of analysis : SPSS (Pie charts, bar graphs, frequencies, mean std. deviation) Results Statistics training C.D N

The Alli Weight Loss Advertisement

Alli Weight Loss Plan Advertisement The â€Å"Alli Weight Loss Plan† advertisement in the January 18th 2010 issue of People magazine is effective because of the informational packed two-page spread, the vibrant multicolored picture, and the way the bold banner intertwines with the emotion in the picture. The â€Å"Alli Weight Loss Plan† advertisement is effective because of the informational packed two paged spread. The first page has six separate informative blocks, with breaks in between the different blocks, to give the reader a chance to interpret the information. The second page is completely covered in a vibrant colorful picture. Consequently, Attention is drawn to reading the six separate topics and viewing the colorful picture. The â€Å"Alli Weight Loss Plan† advertisement contains six informational blocks, each with different brilliant colored titles. Topics the advertisement covers consist of educational information, nutritional information, and governmental information. The first block written in red is titled, â€Å"you and food. The first block covers the relationship between the reader and food, whether or not that relationship is healthy. The first block also entices the reader and relates to the potential consumer, identifying the problem and offering them a solution. The second block is titled, â€Å"real hunger†, in green and describes symptoms of real hunger. Examples from the second block are: real hunger â€Å"grows gradually†, real hunger is when â€Å"you’ll eat anything†, and real hunger is when â€Å"you feel good after eating. The third block is titled â€Å"emotional hunger†, and is colored blue. The third block describes signs of emotional hunger; one example is: emotional hunger is when â€Å"you feel guilty after eating. † The fourth block is titled â€Å"you can eat healthier for life†, and is colored red. The fourth block explains that the Alli Weight Loss Plan can help learn the healthy way to eat and to lose weight. The fifth block is titled â€Å"you can lose weight without losing your love for food†, and is colored green. The fifth block describes how Alli Weight Loss Plan works to boost weight loss. The advertisement emphasizes that consumers taking Alli can still enjoy their favorite foods just in smaller portions. The final block is colored in yellow and is titled â€Å"you can lose weight easier with support. † The sixth block explains how Alli Weight Loss Plan users will be able to have personalized weight plans made for them on myali. com. There is also a small sub topic that states Alli is FDA- approved, which assures readers that the Alli Weight Loss Plan is safe and legitimate. All six blocks provide readers with plentiful amounts of educational, nutritional, and governmental information about the Alli Weight Loss Plan that helps readers decide if the product is for them. The second page of the Alli Weight Loss Plan advertisement is a vividly bright picture of a late twenties to early thirties brunette woman grocery shopping. The young lady has her head thrown way back and has a confident smile on her face. The young lady is pushing a grocery cart bursting at the seams with healthy foods, such as huge succulent pineapple. The background is blurred on the intense, colorful picture, but can still be interpreted as a grocery isle of a grocery store. The second page of the â€Å"Alli Weight Loss Plan† advertisement has an excellent picture, which gives the reader an insight of what the advertisement is about. The bold colorful banner intertwines with the emotion of the vibrant colorful picture. The banner is titled â€Å"eat healthier, live happier. † The vibrant picture shows the exact emotion of the banner. The young lady is extremely happy; she has her head thrown back and has a gigantic smile. The young lady is obviously eating healthy. The writers of the â€Å"Alli Weight Loss Plan† advertisement intertwine the emotion of the picture with the words of the banner, â€Å"eat healthier, live happier. † The â€Å"Alli Weight Loss Plan† Advertisement is directed towards the younger generation of women. Contemporary women are concerned about their appearance and weight. Most young women will do anything to lose weight. The â€Å"Alli Weight Loss Plan† advertisement features a late twenties to mid thirties young lady, who is very satisfied with her appearance. Most readers of People magazine are young women, which is why the â€Å"Alli Weight Loss Plan† advertisement appeals to them so much. Readers want to be as happy as the young lady in the â€Å"Alli Weight Loss Plan† advertisement. Potential customers will be drawn to read the advertisement thoroughly. In conclusion the â€Å"Alli Weight Loss Plan† advertisement is very effective because of the informational packed two-page layout, the vibrant colorful picture, and the way the writers of the advertisement intertwined the picture with the emotion of the banner.

How Classroom Environments Affect Child Development Essay

When it comes to education so many different factors can affect a child’s learning and development in a classroom. First of all the temperature of the main class of which the child is learning in so such as the heating/air conditioning, if the classroom is too hot, eg. On a hot day a child may feel sick/dizzy this will affect the child’s concentration and well being similar to a highly air conditioned classroom where it may be extremely cold the child may get ill because of it. Another important part of a child’s education is having the right equipment to enable them to learn so ensuring the equipment the child uses is not outdated, broken or dangerous is essential to give the child the best learning experience possible, as children with excellent facilities are likely to enjoy school more and find school easier because they have the access they need to give them the ability to learn. Space is really important especially with children, so the size of the classroom can impact a child’s learning experience, small cramped classrooms, which could be overcrowded due to a large amount of pupils could make it hard for pupils to concentrate or in some extreme cases dangerous. So having a classroom a good/reasonable size in proportion to the amount of students attending is essential. Although this usually depends greatly on the location of the school as students from a city are more likely to have larger classes than those of a rural setting. Read more: Influences that affect children’s development essay This leads on to the next point, of other students affect a child’s learning experience, if a class is full of disruptive pupils a child is not going to learn as well as a classroom which is full of students which are quiet and willing to learn. Teachers have a massive impact on a classroom, their behaviour and characteristics can affect the learning of their class. Even tempered, fair, humorous teachers have a much more positive influence on learning experience than a moody, unfair, overly strict teacher. If a child is falling asleep, getting ill regularly, is lacking in performance or regularly disrupting classes they may be struggling. This is when you would approach the teacher and discuss the child’s behaviour and performance and the possible reasons behind the child’s behaviour this may mean more structured lessons, more one on one time, change of seating arrangements etc. but this may be monitored, and the teacher may follow this up with a discussion with the child’s parent if necessary.

HLA Harts Viewpoint Concerning Morality and Law Free Essay Example, 2500 words

Hart was adamant in the belief that democracy cannot be fully realized when the rights of the minority are lawfully violated. This paper examines Hart s viewpoint regarding the legitimacy of a person's freedom is restricted simply because it conflicts with society's collective morality and a discussion on moral obligations that conflict with abeyance and enforcement of an unjust law. In the 1960s, the conservative viewpoint was championed by Lord Patrick Devlin who argued for the use of law to preserve morality and thus society itself. This philosophy recommended punishment for violating society s morals which he ambiguously defined as being that which would disgust a right-minded person. In this case, Arthur s fashion choice, by law, disgusted a so-called right-minded person. Therefore, his act was deemed rebellious and immoral by society. The conservative viewpoint, though credible in its intent, is indefinite as to its parameters. This compels subjective judgments in criminal cases intended to relieve a person of their freedom. This viewpoint further held that criminal prosecution had the ability to alter individual behaviour with little to no regard for differences among cultures. Hart opposed this viewpoint explaining that immorality does not jeopardize society. We will write a custom essay sample on HLA Harts Viewpoint Concerning Morality and Law or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page These two clearly defined ways of thought regarding the making of laws has been the subject of much public and legislative discussion. The understanding of these viewpoints is paramount to society as a whole as controversial topics such as euthanasia, drugs and prostitution continue to be introduced to the revision of the law.